Explainer: What You Need to Know About Hezbollah
Origins of Hezbollah
Hezbollah, founded in 1982 by Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, emerged during Lebanon’s civil war. Its goal was to spread Iran’s Islamic Revolution and combat Israeli forces after their invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Comprising Lebanese Shi’ite Muslims who share Iran’s ideology, Hezbollah has evolved into a powerful, heavily armed group with significant influence in Lebanon.
Military Power of Hezbollah
Unlike other factions that disarmed after Lebanon’s civil war, Hezbollah retained its weapons to fight against Israeli occupation in the predominantly Shi’ite south. Its military capabilities were showcased during the 2006 war with Israel, where Hezbollah fired thousands of rockets into Israel. Over the years, Hezbollah’s military strength has grown, aided by its involvement in the Syrian conflict and support from Iran. The group possesses advanced weaponry, including precision rockets and drones.
Hezbollah’s Role in the Israel-Hamas Conflict
Hezbollah maintains close ties with Hamas, the Palestinian group controlling Gaza, and Islamic Jihad, another Iranian-backed Palestinian faction. Hezbollah has been in direct contact with the Palestinian resistance leadership and has engaged in cross-border fire with Israel multiple times. In a significant escalation, Hamas and Islamic Jihad carried out attacks on Israel from Lebanese territory for the first time. Israel has urged Hezbollah to exercise restraint to prevent further conflict.
Regional Influence of Hezbollah
Hezbollah serves as a source of inspiration and support for other Iranian-backed groups throughout the Middle East. It has trained armed factions in Iraq and allegedly fought alongside the Iran-allied Houthis in Yemen, although Hezbollah denies this claim. The group’s influence extends beyond military engagements, with political involvement in Lebanon and alliances with various factions.
Hezbollah’s Role in Lebanon
Hezbollah’s influence in Lebanon is bolstered by its sophisticated arsenal and support from many Lebanese Shi’ites who view the group as defenders against Israel. However, opponents argue that Hezbollah undermines the Lebanese state and has unilaterally involved the country in armed conflicts. Hezbollah has ministers in the government and lawmakers in parliament, solidifying its political presence.
Accusations Against Hezbollah
In the 1980s, groups affiliated with Hezbollah were linked to suicide attacks on Western embassies, kidnappings of Westerners, and bombings in Lebanon. The United States holds Hezbollah responsible for the 1983 bombings of the U.S. Marine headquarters and embassy in Beirut, as well as a French barracks. However, Hezbollah’s leader claims that these attacks were carried out by small independent groups not directly associated with the organization.
International Perspective on Hezbollah
Hezbollah is designated as a terrorist organization by Western countries, including the United States and Saudi Arabia. The European Union classifies its military wing as a terrorist group. Argentina holds Hezbollah and Iran responsible for the 1992 attack on the Israeli embassy and the 1994 bombing of a Jewish community center in Buenos Aires. However, both Hezbollah and Iran deny involvement in these incidents.
Hezbollah remains a complex and influential player in the Middle East. Its origins, military capabilities, and involvement in regional conflicts have shaped its position in Lebanon and drawn international attention. Understanding Hezbollah is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of the region.
